Curriculum-Making and Development in a Pakistani University

Despite frequent calls for increased teacher engagement in curriculum-making and development, there are still many English language teachers worldwide who are required to work with materials that are either culturally inappropriate or inadequate. A related concern is that such materials may deprive teachers of their creative and professional capabilities to address students’ needs and interests, so that, weighed down by contextual challenges, the teachers then simply deliver the materials, adhering to the textbook closely. Contextual challenges faced by teachers may be more acute in the developing world. However, it is unclear to what extent teachers in under-resourced contexts cope. In this qualitative case study, we explore approaches to the curriculum (curriculum-making, development or transmission) adopted by three English language teachers at a Pakistani university; we draw on observations, pre-observation interviews and stimulated recall discussions. Our study highlights considerable differences in the teachers’ approaches and explores reasons for these differences, including the beneficial effects of experience and professional development opportunities. Implications include the need for greater professional development opportunities in an under-resourced context such as this, as well as mentoring and curriculum renewal involving teachers

Country-Level Risk and the trade-off between real earnings management and accrual earnings management: evidence from pakistan

Abstract   The aim of this study is to understand whether real earnings management (REM) and accruals earnings management (AM) can be used as substitute of one another in the context of Pakistan. Additionally, we also examine the effect of country-level political risk on earnings management. To achieve our desire objectives, we used a panel sample of 197 Pakistani firms for a period of 13 years (2007-2019). To measure REM, we follow Roychowdhury (2006) and to measure AM, we follow Jones (1991) and modified Jones (1995) model. For data analysis, we used simultaneous equation modelling and ordinary least square (OLS) regression with time and firm fixed effects. The results indicate that when the cost associated with REM(AM) increases, the firm’s inclination towards AM(REM) decreases which suggests that managers use both REM and AM approaches as substitutes of one another. Further, the results show that country-level political risks positively affect real REM while it has insignificant effect on AM. Moreover, the adoption of IFRS as accounting standards does not have any effect on the earnings management in Pakistan. This study can be extended to firm-level risk factors to examine their role in earnings management. Moreover, how manager use to adopt REM and AM in the highly regulated industries i.e., financial and services industries, also provides a promising opportunity for future research

TEKNIK HYDROPRIMING DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SENYAWA ORGANIK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN VIGOR BENIH BENIH MANGGIS

An experiment was conducted at seed science and technology laboratory, agriculture Faculty, Unsyiah from Mei to Agustus 2003. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of organic compound on improving of mangosteen seed vigor. The research was calcilated with non factorial, based on Complete Randomized Design with four replications. The treatments were control and organic compound of five levels, i.e. coconut oil, corn, banana, carrot, and tomato. Each extract concentration used was 15%. Variables such as growth potential, seedling growth rate, speed of germination, and uniformity of growth were measured. The results showed that all organic compound significantly increased growth potential, seedling growth rate, speed of germination, and uniformity of groth. The coconut milk treatment is the best to increase mangosteen seed vigor

KOLOKASI BAHASA INDONESIA

Penelitian ini terdiri atas desain penelitian sebagai proses dengan produknya Kamus Kolokasi Bahasa Indonesia. Salah satu fenomena penting dalam bahasa adalah kolokasi. Kolokasi ialah kecenderungan sejumlah kata untuk bergabung secara teratur dalam suatu bahasa. Subjek penelitian ini adalah kolokasi dalam bahasa Indonesia, yang terdiri atas kolokasi leksikal dan gramatikal. Kolokasi leksikal terdiri atas kata kerja, benda, dan kata sifat. Kolokasi gramatikal terdiri atas kata fungsi dan kata inti (kata benda, kerja, dan sifat). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber datanya adalah Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia berupa kata tunggal dan selanjutnya kata itu dicarikan sandingannya secara introspeksi para anggota peneliti, media cetak dan elektronik. Untuk menemukan kolokasi dari media cetak (koran, majalah) dilakukan penelusuran dengan membaca teks tersebut dan dari media televisi dan internet dengan mesin pencari data Google, Yahoo, dan MSN. Entri yang artinya kurang diketahui secara umum diberi definisi. Di samping definisi, juga diberi contoh penggunaan kolokasi baik yang bersumber dari media cetak, elektronik maupun introspeksi. Entri yang terkumpul disusun secara alfabetis dari a-z lalu didiskusikan dengan teman sejawat sebagai proses verifikasi dan validasi data. Hasil penelitian tahap 1 adalah tersusunnya senarai kolokasi dengan entri 381. Senarai kolokasi ini terdiri atas kolokasi leksikal (kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat) dan kolokasi gramatikal (kata fungsi). Di saming itu, ditemukan pula pola kolokasi bahasa Indonesia, yaitu pola kolokasi gramatikal dan leksikal

RESPON PRIMATA TERHADAP KEHADIRAN MANUSIA DI KAWASAN CIKANIKI, TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN

The arrival of human und their activities on protected areas will be a problem causing habitat degradation in quality due to cutting of trees,hunting and noising.This research was conducted to observe the difference of responses of primates to the arrival of human on disturbed and undisturbed forest in Cikaniki area,Mount Halimun National Park. Primates responses to environmental changes will be detected from vigilance behaviour in the form of early detection and reactions.The results of this research indicated that the three species of primates in Cikaniki area (javan gibbon, javan langur, and grizzled langur) generally detected early to the observer's arrival compared to the observer himself detecting the position of primates.The early detection of the three species of primates is slower in disturbed forest compared to the undisturbed one.Furthermore,the reactions of these three species generally negative;although sometimes they response neutrally, but none was positive response in both disturbed and undisturbed forest. This behaviour indicated that although the primates have been adapted to the presence of human (early detection: slower in disturbed forest), but they still vigilant to the presence of human with negative responses

EFFECT OF SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION ON THE PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS

Abstract: Seasonal and geographical variations have impact on secondary plant metabolites in medicinal plants. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the phytochemical variation and its effect on the medicinal properties of Tribulus terrestris which was collected from two different seasons (Summer and winter) and from two different geographical regions i.e. Rafha, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (hot desert climate) and Bangalore, India (tropical savanna climate).The amount of Phenolic acids and flavonoids was evaluated by Folin ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively. Anti-oxidant activity was carried out for all the extracts by the DPPH method .The results revealed that the amount of phenolic acid and flavonoid was found to be higher i.e. 428 μgm and 295 μgm respectively in TT1-S which was in the sample collected during summer from the Rafha region. To further investigate the best season of collection of samples in Rafha, HPLC analysis was carried out for TT1-S and TT1 –W extracts using rutin and gallic acid as the standards; the amount of rutin and gallic acid was found to be higher in TT1-S. Furthermore analgesic activity was carried out for these extracts and the sample collected during summer exhibited significant activity when compared to the sample collected during winter. The results of this study give evidence that the season and geographical variations bring about a change in the plant metabolites which in turn affect the medicinal properties .From the results it is evident that the best season to collect the plant is during summer in Rafha as the amount of phytoconstituents is found to be more during this season Key words: Tribulus terrestris, seasonal, geographical, phytoconstituents, medicinal propertie

On semi ring bornologies

Our main focus in this work is to introduce new structure bornological semi rings. This generalizes the theory of algebraic semi rings from the algebraic setting to the framework of bornological sets. We give basic properties for this new structure. As well as, We study the fundamental construction of bornological semi ring as product, inductive limits and projective limits and their extensions on bornological semi ring. Additionally, we introduce the category of bornological semi rings and study product and pullback (fiber product) in the category of bornological semi rings